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The United States Government, the Found- 
er and Necessary Patron of the 
Liberian Republic. 



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J^l<T j^IDIDK^ESS 



UELIVEUED liKFOKK THK 



l^m^iitaii Coloiiixatioii ^od^lg, 



JANUARY 18, 1881, 






GEORGE W. SAMSON, D. D. 



PUBLISHED BY BEQUEST . 




WASHINGTON CITY; 

POLONIZATION ^UILDING, 45O PENNSYLVANIA ;^VENU1£ 

1881. 




The United States Government, the Found- 
er and Necessary Patron of the 
Liberian Republic. 



A.lsr ^IDIDiE^ESS 



DELIVERED KEFORE THE 



^ttt^natt ^(rUnJjeittiott ^an^tg* 



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JANUARY 18, 1881, 



BY 



GEORGE W. SAMSON, D. D. 



PUBLISHED BY REQUEST. 



•WASHINGTON CITY; 
POLONIZATION BuiLDING, 45O J^ENNSYLVANIA ^VENUB, 



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sT NoiuiAL 8CUOOL Steam ViiEsa, /\ - 
'Y Hampton. Va. \ 



equally indebted to Africa, have from the first been true represent- 
atives of two lines of policy pursued towards the African people in all 
past ages, and now legitimate in these two distinct nations. England, 
whose increasing and ever advancing people, pent up in a little island, 
must seek foreign territory in fulfilling the double dnty of self-devcl- 
opement and of extending civilization, has in both Asia and Africa, 
since the loss of her chief American colonics, been steadily seeking 
territorial occupation; and of course in cstablishiHg imperial rule, in 
both Asia and Africa. The history of her occupation of African terri- 
tory began, when during the war of American Independence, slaves 
came within the lines of her armies just as they came within the Unci 
of the Union army during our late war, Asa necessity imposed upon 
them the British Government provided the colored refugees, first, a tem- 
porary home in Canada; and then, afterwards, at great cost, — an ex- 
pense perpetuated to this day, — they were furnished a permanent home 
at Sierra Leone; a projecting Western Cape of Africa, which became a 
depot in the line of England's then increasing India trade. Since that 
day, points of permanent territorial occupation have been souglit; first 
at the Southern Cape of Africa; then at Natal on its eastern coast; thca 
at Lagos commanding the mouth of the Niger, South of the Great West- 
ern desert; to which have succeeded a tempordry military expedition 
into Christian Abyssinia, and permanent commercial establishments ia 
the heathen and Mohammedan sections of the Continent. No impartial 
observer, however, — no honest critic, even, can fail to sec and to say tiiat 
in this occupation, British Christian blessings to the African people 
have gone hand in hand with British mouopjly of African commerce. 
For exploration she has both wisely and humanely employed such men 
as Livingstone, the Christian missionary; whose mantle fell even upon 
the young American Stanley with such grace that the Christian con- 
version of the African Emperor Mtcsa bocamo as truly a part of his mis- 
sion as the opening of a new field for British trade. 

This is England's chosen and legitimate policy of promoting civili- 
zation in Africa. But, America has another mission ; approved alike by 
the reasoning of her men of science and by the deductions from history 
which will lule American statesmen. In the winter of 18G0 "Gl, Guyot 
the Christian scientist, the peer of Agassizin comprehensive observation 
and careful analysis, in a course of Lectures at the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, brought out the fact that in the Divine design, the three fam- 
ilies are three types of human development of mankmd, whose history 
has been alike traced by Moses, Herodotus, Diodorus and Bunsen. 
These three families are permanent types of bouyaut and sincere 
<;hildhood, of the imaginative and selfsufiicient spirit of youth, and 
of the advanced and advancing thirst for science and philosophy pe- 
culiar to mature age. The first family is the Ilamitic of Africa ; cheerful, 



10 

docile, fond of physiofll employ; sininle in its unclaborated language, 
and isolated exccj)! when forced from tluir lioino. The second is the 
Semitic or Asiatic; imaginative, poetic and sclf-sati^-fieJ ; with langungo 
balf-elaboratecl ; arbitrary in rule over inferior tribes, yet overshadow- 
ing only those simpler people naturally brouglit under its shade by its 
own branching, which extends its spread. Tlic third is the Japhctii; or 
European; never satisfied with the higlicst attainments in indivulual 
progress; and ever aspiring for more extended rule over less devel- 
oped tril>cs. 

In Africa, the home of the first race, the modern British policy was 
■witnessed from time immemorial in Egypt and Carthcgc on the North; 
a precedent too often quoted as if it were the only guide in African de- 
velopment. In EgyjJt foreign kings, as Herodotus records, ruled from 
the days of ^lenes, two centuries before Abraham's day; it was into this 
family Joseph married, and it was under their tuition that Closes be- 
came learned in all the wisdom of Egypt. At Carthage, Phenician 
Ecience and letters were ruling before Eneas, the fugitive Trojan, visi- 
ted its shore; while Greek colonies ruled in Cyrene before Homer wrote. 
At the same tinie, however, in Central Africa, in ancient Ethio|)ia, now 
modern Al)yssinia, a ])ure type of the daikest colored African race 
threatened Egypt in Moses' day;j\Ioscs, as Josephus records, led an 
Egyptian army thither, justifying Luke's record that he was "mighty 
in deeds" as well as "in words;" and in l;is exile the Hebrew law-giver 
married an Ethiopian wife, to whom he proved faithful in his exalta- 
tion, though opposed by family jiride. As jicrmauent witness to the 
association of ISIoses in On with both these su|)crior and inferior races 
is the fact, that onctenlh of the words of !Moscs' records are Sanscrit 
and one-fifteenth are Ethiopic. Shortly after the Hebrews left Egypt 
under Moses, as Bunscn has shown, Ethiopian kings invaded, and for 
centuries held, upper Egypt, wilh its grandest city Thebes. In the cul- 
minating spread of the Hebrew |)owcr under David, the royal poet and 
prophet 'A rote: "Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God." 
That promise of early conversion to the faith of the Old Testament was 
in the reign of Solomon, and through his commerce, realized ; illustrating 
the fact recorded by Luke the historian of Christ and His apostles, that 
the treasurer of the Queen of Ethiopia was reading the prophet Isaiah, 
while making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, as a proselyte to the Jewish 
faith. Keturniiig home as a Christian convert, as Bishop Goba: has 
ehown, an imlependent African power has maintained an independent 
and high character to this day, resisting the assaults of all foreign pow- 
ers, and holding fast the Christian faith amid heathenism, untenipted 
by the professedly new supplements to Christianity claimed to liave been 
made ity Mohammed. Even when England, in l^fJS. invaded this African 
nation, the proud monarch, Ijotisting his descent from the Queen of Sheba, 



ed at last because of the conviction, urged by such men ns Gcorga 
Wbitcfield, that the only fipparcnt means of cnligljtcning and Christ- 
ianizing tlic people of Africa, who in their native land were warring 
against and enslaving each other, was to receive ami educate them as 
laborers on the rich lands of the Soutli. At the same time, Jonatliaa 
Edwards, whose sincerity none will doubt, urged the same idea, and as 
a motive to Christian fidelity iu evangelizing the colored people iu New 
England. 

When the colonial times had passed a new relation was assumed by 
the state and national governments totlic colored people. New Kngl md, 
provided wiib laborers from the old world and moved by convictions 
of moral duty, freed her slaves; some of whose descendants yet linger 
in her hu^e towns. The duty, however, of educating and Christianiz- 
ing, and if dependent, of providing homes and food for these frccdnien, 
remained, and was met by state legislation. The Scut Iicrn States, dif- 
crently situated, retained their colored people in servitude; often indeed 
making provision for emancipation by individuals, as well as for tha 
care of freed people; and, above all, through the fidelity of Christian la- 
borers winning to a sincere Christian faith a larger proportion of tho 
colored people than has ever before been found among any people in 
any age. 

At the same time the national as well as state governments, recogni- 
zed and assumed a new relation to the colored people. Tlie provision 
of the U. S. Constitution limiting the importation of slaves to twenty- 
one years, was not only an assumed relation, but it implied and com- 
pelled another assumed duty wiien tlic twenty-one years had expired. 
The anxious thought and cfTort of the successive Presidents, JelTerson, 
Madison and Monroe, to provide a fit asylum for slaves brouglit to Amer- 
ican parts after the year when the importation was to cease, not only 
Buggcstcd, but, after various expedients compelled the naval expeditions 
repeatedly sent, first to explore, then to colonize and then to protect 
the colonists on the shore of Africa. 

Another new relation was assumed, when, after years of ineffectual 
efforts in cooperation with Great Britain to arrest slave-ships by means 
of national cruisers on the African coast, the American cruisers wcro 
directed to act on the American shore of tlie Atlantic, while the British 
cruisers acted on the African Coast. Then, since the naval vessels wero 
no longer detailed for the long voyage, the American Colonizition So- 
ciety was made the agent of the United States government in sending 
the recaptured slaves to Liberia and iu providing a safe asylum and a 
school for independence on the coast of their native Continent. Thea 
amid all the countless iiiflucuces which agitated the people both North 
and South as disunion threatened, tlie voice of the public conscience, 
prompting to assumed duty, was triumphant iu Congress, while it was 



•pecially deep ami earnest in tlic executive. No American can so real- 
ize this as (li>l tlic two men cailctl to meet frequently tlie two Cliris-tian 
statesmen, tiic Sccretaiics of State and of tlic Navy, wliosc duty it wa* 
to i>rovi(le for the necessity laid upon tim United States Government, It 
is cnoui,di to state the fact, that, wnder tl»c two ndmiDistratious respou- 
sible ft>r the integrity of national poliry from JIarch 4th, 185:5, to 
JIarch 4th, ISGl, tiic slave trade to all North American port?, the West 
India Ishinds inch'.ded, was completely broken up and all the capiurcd 
people were colonized by Government appropriations iu Liberia. 

Yet a new relation was assumed when the war for the union ijrought 
Southern tlaves witiiin the lines of the Union armies. Tlic duty of 
providing for them was such, that, jiromjilly on the appe d of Piesidcnt 
Lincoln, Congress made an apin'oprialion lor the foreign colon:/, ition 
of the people desiring such provision. "When the scheme of coloniza- 
tion first iu Central America, then in the Danish "West Indies, had been 
frustrated, no one but those called to the interview, can ever approciato 
the intense anxiety shown by Prcsiiient Lincoln; personally sending for, 
and conversing two hours will, the sal) committee of the Executive Com- 
mittee of this Society; sending at their su^'gestiou an intilligent colored 
clergyman as their representative to visit Liberia and report to the clus- 
tering crowds of his people gathered at the national Capital. Tiic rush 
of events during tbc delay, the decision of the War Department to cm- 
ploy colored troops, and the idea that lands and other i)rovisions at 
home would be granted to the emancipated people, arrested this stago 
of Government provision for colonists to the Afiican Republic. 

Yet amither new stage of Government duly had now arrived ; bcforo 
entering upon whose considcrviion, since it is the present demand, this 
fact should be distinctly recalled. In every stage of the relations as- 
Bunied between this country and its people, towards Afri; a and her 
people, the two elements above considered, that constitute civilization 
and that impose consequent national duty, iiavc been found acting in 
co-operation; tiie material wilhout question too often dominant; buttlio 
moral silently but surely asserting uliimatc supremacy over the Christ- 
ian people wlio settled the American continent, and ovcrtheir descen- 
dants of each succeeding generation. Certainly no one will question the 
essential fact at issue, that since the origin of tiie United States Govern- 
ment, the moral has steadily gained sway over the material in tho 
motives controlling tiic policy of the United States people and its rep- 
resentatives in their relation to the colored people. This certainly was 
the case when by provision of the Constitution, for material consider- 
ations, the importation of slaves was permitted during twentyono 
years; while in the siime Constitution, the »?io?v(/ consideration wasdc- 
clareil to \)C ruling n/fer that periotl. This certainly was the case wlicn, 
though ut the planting of the liist colony <if Liberia material consider- 



ations might liavc influcnrcd some who desired tlic removal of frco 
colored i)eo|ile, the higliest moral convictions ruled tlic statesmen ami 
j)hilanlIiro|)ists \\ ho wished to provide a safe home for captured slaves, 
and a (.'hribtian Republic, on the dark continent. Surely, loo, rdifjioua 
duty led to ihc supply of moit of tlie colonists, when Cliristim owners 
Bacriliced tli«^usands of dollars in givinj^, iirst freedom, and then amplo 
provision in their freedom, to their most advanced and valuuljle serv- 
ants, ujio went joyfully to their new home. This, yet again, was tho 
case when the measures were inaugurated which broke up tl;c slnvo 
trade, and llirew on the hanilsoftlic United States Government hun- 
dreds of ciptured slaves to bo provided for in Africa; for, thouirli ma- 
terial interests can, in almost any act of men and of nations, bo sup. 
posed to enler into human counsel?, such suggestions at tliis stage of 
African Colonization are certaiily overshadowed by a nobler impulse. 

Coming then to the last stage tlic study of human impulses should 
be impartially weighed, that decision may be just and duty clear. lu 
his interview with the Committee of the American Colonization Socie- 
ty, asked l)y President Lincoln, he did drop expressions like this: "I 
must get rid somehow of tiiis burden of care for the colored people; 
which may prove, among other weights, the last pound to Ijrcak the 
camel's back." Eut such utterances were momentary ebulilions. Tho 
deep, pcivading, controlling utterances were like these; "I must do 
riglit by these people. I am not sure that I have autliority to assumo 
that they arc free; and that I shall not be called to account for sending 
them out of the country. But, T must do the best for them under tho 
ciicumstanccs; and I will run the risk of sending them to Africa if they 
care to go." 

As mentioned, however, the delay necessary to make the requisite 
arrangements, the sending of an agent to explore and bring back his re- 
port to the people, the rush of events, the need of immediate provision 
for the increasing crowds of refugees who had come within the lines, 
and the policy of the Secretary of War, as well as the hopes thai i he era- 
ploy of colored troops inspired as to future Government jjrovision, 
delayed African Coloui/atiun; until a new phase of assumed duty re- 
viveil the demand. 

The impoverished' condition of the border Slave States, the dc. 
struction and waste of farming in\plements during the years of war, yet 
more the exhausted soil, made tlic necessity of transferring colored labor- 
ers to the richer lands of the South, as well as of partial provision for 
them in their field of labor; and this -transfer and provision through tho 
Freedman's Bureau became a Government duty and charge. Accom- 
panying this transfer, dis'ippointment and dissatisfaction in the minds 
of some of the dependent people naturally arose ; then came, afresh, 
thoughts of Africa as a home that hud a future of promise; and thi» 



8 

lime for tlic first, it xvas the tliought, tlic a?pirntinn and the request of 
the colored people tlicmsflves. Just at llils junclure, the cNpciieiiccd 
and honored Sicretary. Rev. R, R. Gin ley. liiiished his coin>e; and by 
tlic desire and direction of the Executive Coniniittce, the single indi- 
vidual uho for yc:ns liad been "Mr. Guilcy's associate in iucli calls was 
desired to see the men most likely to take a just view of the dtmand. 
President Lincoln was no more; and two intimate personal friends were, 
therefore, sougiit; Maj. General Howard, at the head of the Frced- 
mcn's Bureau, and Senator AV. P.Fessenden, of ]\Iainc. whose declin- 
ing health, Iiad compelled him to resign the post of Secretary of tho 
Treasury, and wliowas then Chairman of the Finance Committee in tho 
Senate. IJoth urged that the presence of the coloied jieople was needed 
as a material force in promoting the labor required in the Sotitli, and 
yet more as n moral clement, aiding as voters to secure the protection 
of their assrciatcs in the Southern Slates and their advancement iu 
social relations. The force and justice of these ends suggested, was 
allowed ; but the counter truth was urged that those who wished to go 
to Liijcriti were entitled to seek their individual interests as truly as 
while eiii/.cns, and that to deny this would be to perpetuate the sub- 
ordination of the interests of.the colored ]ieo])lc to the intciests of tho 
■while race. The justice of the plea Avas ullowcd, Tlirough General 
Howard the cost of transport as far as Charleston or Norfolk to emi- 
grants for Africa was granted. Senator Fesscnden promised to urge in 
the Finance Connnittec of the Senate that the same appropriation bo 
made for freed peoi)le wishing to emigrate to Africa, which had in years 
past been made for slaves captured on the ocean. The untimely death 
of Senator Fesscnden prevented the realization of his design. 

During the ])ast year, in the mission of Commodore Sliufeldt, tho 
United States Government has again recognized the debt oi the Ameri- 
can people to the [..iberian Republic. It is a debt, with its correspon- 
dent resi>nn^ibilities, both to the American colored people and to tho 
land robltetl, since their ancestors were brought hither, of its legiti- 
mate population; yet a debt, which, as Jefferson, ]\Iadison and Clay all 
tirrioed in stall: g, can be amply repaid jirovideel the people and Gov- 
ernment of the United States return to Africa, in place of uncultured 
ami healhin barbarians, a eulliva'.cd and Christian people cajialde of 
maintaining an independent and growing civilization on the- cntinent 
of Africa. Wliei her this can be realized, whether the facts of past 
history assure tiiis realization, is the vital practical question, worthy our 
final consideration. For, if this, cannot be realized, the duty of tho 
American people is doubtful; whereas, if it can be realized no sliadow 
of a doubt can be allowed to excuse the ne{j;lect of jiaying our debt. 

Here it is of vital im|M)rlance to notice that Enghmd and Anicricn, 
equally iini)li(alc<l in l)ringing the sons of Africa to <jur shores, and 






ADDRESS. 



When intelligent business men arc seen to be directing tlieir capital 
into some new lickl of enterprise, they arc supposed to have rea«ou» 
justifying their investment. When leading nations are observed 
to be conspiring in making government appropriations for the commoa 
attainment of a like end, it is justly inferred that some adequate motive 
controls their policy. So, too, the principles of natural religion, the 
convictions of all men, lead to the necessary conclusion, tliat, the Divine 
Author of all, rules alike the material Universe and the families of man- 
kind in their intercourse vfith each other for the accomplishment of 
Ills own wise and kind purposes. 

The fact that no less than nine leading powers of Europe, — England, 
France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Rus- 
sia, — have been engaged the past year in African explorations, certainly 
indicates a common and an important end which those nations, leading 
in modern civilization, arc seeking to attain. The summary, so concise- 
ly and clearly presented in a recent publication of the Secretary of the 
American Colonization Society, aids the ordinary observer of foreign 
affairs to analyze and group the reasons that have led to this converging 
of interests on the Continent of Africa. 

There are three classes of corporate bodies that arc providing the 
money appropriations which sustain and promote these explorations; the 
two former of which have been sustained by Government action. First 
in natural order are commercial companies; since it is through commerce 
that the shores and ports of foreign lands are made known, and because 
the want of products, for the bodily welfare of advanced nations is the 
first to prompt enterprise. Second in order come scientific association?, 
including geographical and arclueological societies, whose explorations 
liave the double end of opening roads to commerce and of amassing 
knowledge, interesting or profitable to men as intellectual beings. 
Third in the list appear religious societies ; including educational and 
missionary organizations. 

This grouping of organizations that have been penetrating the con- 
tinent of Africa on all sides for years, and that have displayed special 
completeness and activity during the past year, naturally suggests in- 
quiry as to the originating spring, the fundamental source, and espe- 
cially the harmonizing and all-controliug inflaencc in human nature, 
which prompts the united action of these classes of associations and the 
favoring co-operation of the nine governments of Europe which have 



sustiiiuctl tlic two foniKT in tlioir work. "Witliout doubt it is to bo 
found in tho principles brought out by such masterly works on the 
philosophy of history us Guizot's Progress of Civilization in Europe. 
There are, as Guizot sliows, two elements that constitute and tliat ad- 
vance human civilization, the material and tiic moral. Tlie material 
interests and the physical impulses of men prompt tlicm to the supply 
of animal wants by the accumulation of wealth and through that of all 
the conveniences and comforts of bodily life. The moral interests and 
the mental impulses prompt to the accumulation of knowledge as to all 
the social and religious relations of mankind and to the supply provided 
in the teachings of nature and of revelation which meets those wants. In 
this analysis the groat statesman, Guizot, accepts all of truth brought out 
by such minds as Buckle, Comte and Spencer; who in their seclusion see 
clearly what men ought to be in their relations to the world and to each, 
other; and what they would be provided they partook only of the na- 
ture of mere animals or of pure angels. But the practical man of af- 
fairs, mingling with men in their social, political and religious rela- 
tions, finds that men partake of both tlie auimal and the angelic na- 
tures; that these two natures, wliich "war within us," and wiiich lead 
to " wars and flglitings among men," must be harmonized ; otherwise 
neither the passive quiet of herded animals nor the active peace of 
banded angels, will be found in human families, communities and na- 
tions. Going farther, with the fearful experience of communistic an- 
archy fresh and frequent before his own eyes, Guizot saw, as also Eng- 
lish and American statesmen liave seen, that men need, not simple accu- 
mulation of wealth, but the guarantee iu man's improved moral instruc- 
tion, moral training and religious enlightenment, that the accumulation 
of individual wealtli and of national treasures in art, in science and iu 
all the appliances of human advancement, will not in the frenzy of a day 
he plundered or destroyed. It is this ruling necessity which in the ex- 
plorations of the past year on the continent of Africa, has caused com- 
merce, science and religion to go hand in hand. It seems to be timely 
to review, at this sixty-fourth anniversary of the American Colonization 
Society, the necessary union of Governmental and Associational co-op- 
eration iu repaying our National debt to Africa. 

Tlie consideration of tiiis topic requires a brief review of the assum- 
ed relation through the mother country of the American Colonics, and 
then of the independent United States of America, to the people of 
Africa. 

As Bancroft has clcariy shown the Government and people of Great 
Britain, more truly than of Spain, sought two ends iu bringing African 
•laves into tiiis country. As Governor IJrown, of Georgia, lias just re- 
peated in the United States Senate, tho people of Georgia, who at first 
resisted the attempts to introduce African slaves into that colony, yield- 



11 

Trliose realm was separated from Ethiopia by only tlic narrow strait of 
Bab-el-mandcb, claiming aho descent from Solomon through this (^uecn 
as one among his thousand wives— this proud and consciously mpcrior 
African prince proposed an alliance with England by (ilTcring to tako 
its widowed sovereign as one of his wives. 

With this perpetuated t.\anii)lc of tlic true African's cnpacity for in- 
dependent government before them, it Avas not surprising that at a very 
early day in the history of the colony at Liberia, the nation, uliosc an- 
cestors for a century and a half had been ruled by their mother country 
as dependent colonists, should liavc entiu^ted tiie colored jieopjc tliem- 
selves with the management of their own executive, legislative and ju- 
dicial affairs. It is confirmatory of this wisdom in the past, tiiat for 
half a century the U. S. Government hasintcipcsed in the affairs of liio 
Liberian Republic, only when, as during ihe last year, their good offi- 
ces in aiding the settlement of a territorial question as to boundary, 
wa^ invited ; a question to whose settlement our people are committed 
because theirs was the original purchase. AVIicn now that Kcpublic is 
asking for emigrants from our shores to increase their population, and 
■when, too, the Colonization Society is specially careful to select the men 
and the families best fitted in every respect to become useful citizens 
of the Republic of Liberia, no wonder that the intelligent men, who 
must act in meeting our national responsibility, declare with assurance 
that the future stability and success of the Colony is assured. One lact 
especially, no lover of his country north or south can forget, as a testi- 
mony to the moral control exhibited by the colored people of the South 
at iiomc; which cannot prove deceptive as to their future in Africa. 
When in the progress of the late war for the Union, four millions of peo- 
ple were assured that emancipation would be their boon if the war final- 
ly turned against their master.J, not a single instance of insurrection 
during the four long years of conflict occurred. AVitliout any question 
it was an all-controlling religious sentiment that lay at the foundation 
of this anomaly in historj-. AVhen the remarkable fact 's taken into ac- 
count that 450,000, or about one-eighth of the 4,000,000 of colored peo- 
ple in our Southern States, are communicants in the Christian Churches 
of a single denomination, that about 220,000, or an added half-ei-hth aro 
united to a single other denomination— so that without doubt nearly ono 
half of the entire adult population arc followers of the Prince of Peace — 
not only does this fact explain the past as to the order and stability of 
the Liberian Republic and as '.o their years of faithful, loyal service in 
our States, but it is a prophetic voice giving assurance tiiat, through 
them as colonists, all Afiica will become civilized and Christianized. 

In a brief but suggestive address following a lecture on the Irish 
and their promise, by Rev. G. AV. llepworlh, delivered a few evenings 
since, in New York, ex-Governor Huffman, whose political course i» 



12 

known, uttered words to this cflcct: that "God had difappoiBted the 
polilicinns of all schools in our country; and the same might prove tiue 
in Great Britain." That was a pregnant tjuth. The Irish people nev- 
er can be independent of their union to Great Biitain; they may never- 
theless, yet be reconciled to that union; but in the future, as in the past, 
without question, the laboring people who aspire to a future of premise 
for themselves and their children, will seek it by emigration. So in 
our Union, no state or section will ever be independent of their sister 
states; that Union both for white and colored citizens, may and will 
become more universally satisfactory; but the colored people in our 
country will always be dependent on superior capital and culture, and 
the more intelligent and aspiring will seek a home where competition 
will not always keep them behind in the individual struggle for social 
preferment. 

We end, therefore, as we began. Men of business and nations will 
Lave their jjlans for Africa and its people. But the Lord of all mankind, 
the God of nations, has also His plans; and those plans will prevail. 







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